بَابُ الـْمُبْتَدَإِ وَالْخَبَرِ
9 – (The Chapter About Al-Mubtada’ [The Subject] And Al-Khabr [The Predicate])
ʿArabic Text:
(الـْمُبْتَدَأُ هَوَ الإِسْمُ الـْمَرْفُوعُ الْعَارِي عَنِ الْعَوَامِلِ اللَّفْظِيَّةِ وَالْخَبَرُ هُـوَ الإِسْمُ الـْـمَرْفُوعُ الـْمُسْنَدُ إِلَيْهِ نَـحْوُ قَوْلِكَ زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ وَالزَّيْـدَانِ قَائِمَانِ وَالزَّيْدُونَ قَائِمُونَ)
English Translation:
الـْمُبْتَدَأُ (the subject) هَوَ (is) الإِسْمُ الـْمَرْفُوعُ (the noun in the case of rafʿ) الْعَارِي عَـنِ (which is void of) الْعَوَامِلُ اللَّفْطِيَّة (expressed governors)وَالْخَـبَر (while the predicate) هَـوَ (is) الإِسْـمُ الـْـمَرْفُـوعُ (the noun in the case of rafʿ) الـْمُسْنَدُ إِلَـيْهِ (which is traced back to it [الْـمُبْتَدَأ])
– نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ (as you would say): زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ (Zayd is standing) وَالزَّيْدَانِ قَائِمَانِ and (the two Zayds are standing وَالزَّيْدُونَ قَائِمُونَ and (the Zayds [three or more] are standing).
Explanation of Text in ʿArabic:
الـمبتدأ هو الإسم الـمرفوع العاري عن العوامل اللفظيّة والخبر هو الإسم الـمرفوع الـمسند إلى الـمبتدإ أي الـمنسوب إليه كقولك زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ والزَّيْدَانِ قَائِمَانِ وَالزَّيْدُونَ قَائِمُونَ وَما أشبه ذلك فَالإسم الـمنسوب إليه هو الـمبتدأ والـمنسوب هو الخبر
Explanation of Text in English:
الـْـمُبْتَدَأ (the subject) is the noun in the case of rafʿ which is العاري عن الْعَوَامِـلُ اللَّفْطِيَّة void of (expressed governors) and الـْخَبَر (the predicate) is the noun in the case of rafʿ which is traced back to الْـمُبْتَدَأ (the subject) – as you would say: زَيْدٌ قَـائِـمٌ (Zayd is standing) and الزَّيْـدَانِ قَائِـمَان (The two Zayds are standing) and الزَّيْـدُونَ قَـائِـمُون (The three or more Zayds are standing) and what is similar to these examples As for الإِسْـمُ الـْـمنْسُوبُ إِلَـيْهِ (the noun to which something is ascribed), it is الْـمُبْتَدَأ and الـْمَنْسُوبُ (the noun which has been ascribed), it is الْـخَبْر.
Arabic Text:
(وَالــْمُبْتَدَأُ قِسْمَانِ ظَاهِرٌ وَمُضْمَرٌ فَالظَّاهِرُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ ذِكْرُهُ وَالْـمُضْمَرُ إثْنَا عَشَرَ وَهِيَ أَنَا وَنَحْنُ وَأَنْتَ وَأَنْتِ وَأَنْتُمَا وَأَنْتُمْ وَأَنْتُنَّ وَهُوَ وَهِيَ وَهُمَا وَهُمْ وَهُنَّ نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ أَنَا قَائِمٌ وَنَحْنُ قَائِمُونَ وَمَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ)
English Translation:
وَالــْـمُبْتَدَأُ (And the subject) قِـسْمَانِ (is of two kinds) ظَـاهِرٌ (a clearly distinct noun) مُضْمَرٌ (a pronoun). فـَالظَّاهِرُ (And so the clearly distinct noun) مَا تَقَدَّمَ ذِكْـرُهُ (is that which has been mentioned previously) وَالْـمُضْمَرُ (and the pronouns) إثْنَا عَشَر (are twelve) – وَهِيَ (and they are):
أَنَا وَنَحْنُ وَأنْتَ وَأَنْتِ وَأَنْتُمَا وَأَتنْتُمْ وَأَنْتُنَّ وَهُو وَهِِِيَ وَهُمَا وَهُمْ وَهُنَّ
نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ (like when you say): أَنَا قَائِمٌ (I am standing) وَنَحْنُ قَائِمُونَ (and We are standing) and what is similar to that.
Explanation of Text in ʿArabic:
إن الـمبتدأ قسمان قسم ظاهر كقولك زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ وَالزَّيدَانِ قَائِمَانِ وَالزَّيدُونَ قَائِمُونَ وقسم مضمر وهو أربعة عشرضميرًا كقولك هُوَ وهُمَا وهُمْ وهِيَ وهُمَا وهُنَّ وأَنْتَ وَأَنْتُمَا وأَنْتُم وأَنْتِ وَأَنْتُمَا وأَنْتُنَّ وَأَنَا وَنَحْنُ وَمثال وقوعها مبتدأ قولك هَوَ قَائِمٌ هُمَا قَائِمََانِ هُمْ قَائِمُونَ وقِسْ على هذا مَا بقي منها مذكَّرًا ومؤنثًا
الــمُـبْتَدَأُ (The subject) is of two kinds. ظاهِـرُ (a clearly distinct noun) – like when you say: زَيْدٌ قَائِمُ and الزَيْدَانِ قَائِمَان and الزَيْدُونَ قَائِمُونَ. Another kind is a pronoun of which there are fourteen – like when you say:
هُوَ وهُمَا وهُمْ وهِيَ وهُمَا وهُنَّ وأَنْتَ وَأَنْتُمَا وأَنْتُم وأَنْتِ وَأَنْتُمَا وأَنْتُنَّ وَأَنَا وَنَحْنُ
– like when you say: هُوَ قَائِمٌ (He stood), هُـمَا قَـائِمَانَ (They [The two of them] stood), هُـمْ قَـائِـمُونَ (They stood [three or more males] and it is the same for the rest of the male and female forms of these pronouns .
ʿArabic Text:
(وَالـْخَبْرُ قِسْمَانِ مُفْرَدٌ وَغَيْرُ مُفرَدٍ فَالـْمُفْرَدُ نَحْوُ زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ وَغَيْرُ الـْمُفْرَدِ أَرْبَعَةُ أَشْيَاءَ الْـجَارُّ وَالـْمَجَرُورُ وَالظَّرْفُ وَالْفِعْلُ مَعَ فَاعِلِهِ وَالـْمُبْتَدَأُ مَعَ خَبَرِهِ نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ زَيْدٌ فِي الدَّارِ وَزَيْدٌ عِنْدَكَ وَزَيْدٌ قَامَ أَبُوهُ وَزَيْدٌ جَارِيَتُهُ ذَاهِبَةٌ)
English Translation:
وَالـْخَبْرُ (The predicate is) قِسْمَانِ (of two kinds): مُفْرَدٌ (singular) ؤَغَـيْرُ مُـفْردِ (and other than singular). فَالـْـمُـفْرَدُ (As for the singular), it is like when you say: زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ (Zayd is standing) غَـيْرُ الْـمُفْرَدِ (and other than singular) أَرْبَـعَةُ أَشْـيَاءَ (is four things): الـْـجَّارُ وَالـْمَجْـرُورُ (the preposition and the object of the preposition), وَالظَّرْفُ (and the adverb),وَالْفِعْلُ مَعَ فَاعلِهِ (and the verb with its doer) and وَالـْـمُبْتَدَأ مَـعَ خَبَرِهِ (and the subject with its predicate) like when you say: زَيْدٌ فِي الدَّارِ (Zayd is in the house) وَزَيْدٌ عِنْدَكَ and (Zayd is with you) وَزَيْـدٌ قَـامَ أَبُوهُ and (Zayd’s [his] father stood) زَيْـدٌ جَـارِيَـتُهُ ذَاهِـبَةٌ and (Zayd [his] servant is going / Zayd’s servant is going).
Explanation of Text in ʿArabic:
إن الخبر قسمان أيضًا قسم مفرد كقولك زَيْدٌ مُقْبِلٌ والزَيْدَانِ مُقْبِلاَنِ والزَيْدُونَ مُقْبِلُونَ وقسم غير مفرد وهو أربعة أشياء أوّلها الجرّ والـمجرور كقولك زَيْدٌ فِي الدَّارِ ثانيها الظّرف كقولك زَيْدٌ عِنْدَكَ ثالثها الفعل مع فاعله كقولك زَيْدٌ قَامَ أَبُوه رابعها الـمبتدأ مع خبره كقولك زَيْدٌ جَارِيَتُهُ ذَاهِبَة
Explanation in English:
الخبر (the predicate) is of two kinds also. One kind consists of one word – like when you say: زَيْدٌ مُقْبِلٌ (Zayd is coming) and الزَيْدَانِ مُقْبِلاَنِ (The two Zayds are coming) and الزَيْـدُونَ مُـقْبِلُونَ (The Zayds [three or more] are coming) and another kind consists of more than one word and it is of four types. The first of them is الـْجَـرُّ وَ الـْمَجْـرُورُ (the preposition and the object of the preposition) – as you would say: زَيْـدٌ فِـي الدَّارِ (Zayd is in the house). The second of them is الظَّرْف (the adverb) like when you say: زَيْـدٌ عِـنْدَكَ (Zayd is with you). The third of them is الْفِعْلُ مَعَ فَاعِلِهِ (the verb along with its doer) like when you say: زَيْدٌ قَامَ أَبُوهُ (Zayd – his father stood, [that is to say: Zayd’s father stood]). The fourth of them is الـْمُبْتَدَأ مَعَ خَبَرِه (the subject with its predicate) like when you say: زَيْدٌ جَارِيَتُهُ ذَاهِبَةٌ (Zayd – his servant is going [that is to say: Zayd’s servant is going]).