بَابُ الْبَدَلِ
14 – (The Chapter About Al-Badal [The Substitute])
ʿArabic Text:
(إِذَا أُبْدِلَ اسْمٌ مِنِ اسْمٍ أَوْ فِعْلٌٌ مِنْ فِعْلٍ تَبِعَهُ فِي جَمِيعِ إِعَرَابِهِ وَهُوَ أَرْبَعَةُ أَقْسَامٍ بَدَلُ الشَّيءِ مِنَ الشَّيءِ وَبَدَلُ البَعَضِ مِنَ الْكُلِّ وَبَدَلُ الاِشْتِمَالِ وَبَدَلُ الْغَلَطِ نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ قَامَ زَيْدٌ أَخُوكَ وَأَكَلْتُ الرَّغِيفَ ثُلُثَهُ وَنَفَعَنِي زَيُدٌ عِلْمُهُ وَرَأَيْتَ زَيْدًا الْفَرَسَ أَرَدْتَّ أَنْ تَقُولَ رَأَيْتُ الْفَرَسَ فَغَلَطْتَ فَاَبْدَلْتَ زَيْدًا مِنْهُ)
English Translation:
إِذَا أُبْدِلَ اسْم (When a noun is substituted) مِنِ اسْمٍ (for a noun) أَوْ (or) فِعْل (a verb [is substituted]) مِنْ فِعْلٍ (for a verb), تَبِعَهِ (it agrees with it [the word for which it has been substituted]) فِي جَمِيعِ (in all [aspects] of) إِعَرَابِهِ (its inflection). وَهُوَ (And it [الْبَدَلُ – the substitute] is) أَرْبَعَةُ أَقْسَامٍ (four kinds): بَدَلُ الشَّيءِ (the substitute of something) مِنَ الشَّيءِ ([for its equivalent] from something) وَبَدَلُ البَعَض (and the substitute for some) مِنَ الْكُلِّ (from all) وَبَدَلُ الاِشْتِمَالِ (and the substitute for containment – [that is to say, the substitute of a thing for what it contains]) وَبَدَلُ الْغَلَطِ (and the substitute for the mistake) – نَحْوُ قَوْلــِكَ (like when you say): قَامَ زَيْدٌ أَخُــــوكَ(Zayd your brother stood) and وَأَكَلْتُ الرَّغِيفَ ثُلُثَهُ (I ate the bread a third of it) وَنَفْعَنِي زَيْدٌ عِلْمُهُ and (Zayd, his knowledge was beneficial for me) رَأَيْتُ زَيْدًا الْفَرَسَ (I saw Zayd the mare) and أَرَدْتَّ أَنْ تَقُــولَ (you wanted to say): رَأَيْتُ الفَرَسَ I saw the mare), فَغَلَطْت (but you made a mistake)فَاَبْدَلْتَ زَيْدًا (and substituted زَيْدًا (Zayd) مِنْهُ (for it).
Explanation of Text in ʿArabic:
إن البدل هو التابع الـمقصود بالواسطة نحو جَاءَ زَيْدٌ أَخُوكَ فأخوك بدل من زيد وهو الـمقصود في الْـمَجِيءِ والبدل يتبع الـمُبْدَل منه في جميع إعرابه وأقسامُهُ أربعة الأول بدلُ كلٍ من كلٍ أي مساوٍ من مساوٍ له كما في المثال الـمتقدم الثاني بدل بعض من كل أي بدل شيء بعض الْـمُبدَل منه نحو أَكَلْتُ الرَّغِيف ثُلُثَهُ الثالث بدل الاشتمال أي بدل شيء مما هو مشتمل عليه نحو نَفَعَنِي زَيْدٌ عِلْمُهُ الرّابع بدل الغَلَط أي بدل من الذي ذُكِرَ غلطًا نحو رَكبْتُ زَيْدًا الْفَرَسَ أردت أن تقول ركبْت الفَرَسَ فغلطت
Explanation in English:
الْبَدَلُ (the substitute) is a تَابِعٌ مَقْصُودٌ (noun for whom the statement is indirectly (intended – [that is to say an intended noun which is mentioned as a substitute for the noun which precedes it)] – like when you say: جَاءَ زَيْدٌ أخُوكَ (Zayd your brother has come). And so أَخُوكَ (your brother) is a substitute for زَيْد(Zayd) and is the noun for which the verb جَاء(he came) was intended.
الْبَدَلٌ (The substitute) agrees with it الْـمُبْدَلُ مِنْهُ (the noun for which it has been substituted) in all (aspects) of إِعْرَابِــــهِ (its i’raab). It (الْبَدَلٌ [The substitute]) is of four kinds. The first is: بَدَلُ كُلٍ مِنْ كُلٍّ (a substitution of each for each) – that is to say: مُسَاوٍ مِنْ مُسَاوٍ لَهُ (a substitution of one thing for its equivalent) – like what occurred in the above mentioned example. The second is بَدَلٌ بَعْضٍ مِنْ كُلٍ (a substitution for some a whole amount) – that is to say: بَدَلٌ شَيْءٍ بَعْضِ الـْمُبْدَلِ مِنْهُ (a substitution of a thing which is part of what it was exchanged for) – like when you say: أَكَلْتُ الرَّغِيفَ ثُلُثَهُ ( I ate the bread a third of it). The third is بَدَلُ الاِشْتِمَالِ (the substitute for containment) that is to say: بَدَلُ شَيْءٍ مِمَا هُوَ مُشْتَمَلٌ عليه (the substitution of a thing for what it contains) – like when you say: نَفَعَنِي زَيْدٌ عِلْمُهُ (Zayd – his knowledge has been beneficial to me). The fourth is بدل الغَلَط (the substitution of a mistake) – that is to say:بدل من الذي ذُُكِرَ غلطًا (the substitution of the expression which was mentioned by mistake) – like when you say: ركبْتُ زَيْدًا الْفَرَسَ (I rode Zayd the mare) and you wanted to say: ركبْتُ الفَرَسَ (I rode the mare), but you made a mistake (and substituted زيد for الفرس).
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